This book explains how the binary works and how it’s utilized by computers to represent information including positive and negative integers, characters and real numbers. It explains the logical and bitwise operations used to manipulate information and perform arithmetic. We also briefly Take a look at how computers store this information in memory and secondary storage, and how it may be transmitted between computers.
Topics covered include:
INTRODUCING NUMBER BASES AND BINARY
CONVERTING FROM BINARY TO DENARY AND VICE-VERSA
How to Convert a Binary Number to Denary
How to Convert a Denary Number to Binary
HOW COMPUTERS GROUP BINARY DIGITS
A Closer Take a look at Bytes
A Closer Take a look at Words
* Word alignment, word alignment and packing, byte ordering and endianness
Addresses
BOOLEAN OPERATIONS AND LOGIC GATES
Fundamentals of Boolean Algebra
* NOT, AND, OR, XOR, NAND, NOR, NXOR
Combining Logic Gates
* NOT, AND, OR, XOR, NOR The use of NAND logic
Logical As opposed to Bitwise Operations
Using Bitwise Operations to Set, Clear, Flip or Test Bits
* Setting bits, inverting bits, clearing bits, testing bits
ADDING AND SUBTRACTING IN BINARY
Adding Binary Integers
* The column addition method of adding denary numbers and adding binary numbers, implementing binary addition The use of logic gates
Subtracting Binary Integers
* The column subtraction methods of subtracting denary numbers and subtracting binary numbers, implementing binary subtraction The use of logic gates
SHIFT OPERATIONS
Left Shift
Right Shift
Circular Shifts
MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION IN BINARY
Multiplication
* Multiplying by a power of 2, column multiplication, Russian peasant multiplication set of rules, multiplication in hardware
Division
* Dividing by a power of 2, denary long division, binary long division, set of rules for binary long division, division in hardware
REPRESENTING CHARACTERS AND STRINGS OF CHARACTERS
Representing Individual Characters
* ASCII, extended ASCIIs, BCDIC and other early character encodings, EBCDIC, Unicode
Representing Strings of Characters
* Terminated strings, length-prefixed strings, other string representations
REPRESENTING TEXT AND GRAPHICS ON SCREEN
Text Mode Displays
Bitmap Displays
PARITY CHECKING
What is a Parity Bit
Even and Peculiar Parity
Advantages, Disadvantages and Limitations of The use of Parity Checking
Parity’s Use in RAID Storage Devices
Unused Parity Bits
SIGNED INTEGERS
Offset Binary
Signed Magnitude Representation
One’s Complement
Two’s Complement
Other Representations of Signed Numbers
* Base -2, signed-digit representation
REAL NUMBERS
Fixed Point Representation
Floating Point Representation
Rational Data Type
Logarithmic Number Systems
DENARY ENCODINGS AND DECIMAL DATA TYPES
Why Use Denary Representations of Real Numbers?
Binary Encodings of Denary
* Serial decimal, two-out-of-five, bi-quinary, character-based encodings of denary, binary-Coded Decimal (BCD), Chen-Ho Encoding, Densely Packed Decimal (DPD) and excess-3
Decimal Data Types
* Which numbers may also be exactly represented in fixed and floating point?
* How inexact?
* Issues with inexact representation
* Decimal representation
DATA STRUCTURES
Structs
Arrays
Linked Lists and More Complex Structures
* Limitations of arrays, introducing linked lists, singly and doubly linked lists, more complex data structures
TYPES OF COMPUTER MEMORY
Magnetic-Core Memory and Core Rope Memory
RAM
* DRAM and SRAM
ROM
* Mask-programmed ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, Flash memory
SECONDARY STORAGE
Sequential Storage
* Punched tape, magnetic tape
Random Get admission to Storage
* Magnetic disk, optical disk, solid state drives, flash memory and cloud Storage
MEASURING MEMORY AND STORAGE
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
Serial Communication
Parallel Communication
MEASURING TRANSFER RATES
Baud